The X and the Y Theories of Management Research Paper

The X and the Y Theories of Management - Research Paper Example A few heads consider the job of dynamic as exclusively theirs and connect nobody else in any event, when the current issue expects them to do as such. Such administrators permit no adaptability on the laborers and anticipate that them should follow the set rules. Different pioneers are pleasing and in this way, give some degree of freedom to their representatives, energize cooperation, include employee’s conclusions in dynamic and frequently delegate obligations. The X and Y speculations depend on suppositions that human character and practices contrast and assume a significant job in deciding the fitting administration styles to be applied. This paper centers around the diverse administration hypotheses applied in overseeing distinctive employment types. The X hypothesis by McGregor sets that administration ought to mediate on the presentation of its workers. This is by controlling their exercises, modifying their practices to ensure their activities, are in accordance with n eeds of the association, just as rousing them to guarantee they direct the entirety of their exertion towards movement of the association (Fisher 12-17). The hypothesis clarify this by asserting that most people, despise duties, loathe work, have no aspiration, and in this way require to be coordinated and some of the time took steps to work successfully. Another contention to help this hypothesis is that individuals oppose change, put their own needs over those of the association, and worth their security past every single other thing. Pioneers utilizing this hypothesis in the board much of the time end up being absolutist (Stewart 2). The Y hypothesis then again, claims that individuals are not lethargic and are continually ready to coordinate their endeavors towards the achievement of the associations. Notwithstanding, the administration is unfeeling toward their need of fitting workplace. This would empower them develop separately and be in a situation to add to authoritative de velopment. The hypothesis further contends that most representatives incline toward remunerations to fulfill their confidence by urging them to be creative, and inventive other than business related prizes. Such rewards cause the representative to feel secure and increasingly dedicated to their work. Neither the X nor the Y hypothesis is fortunate or unfortunate since they apply to various sorts of occupations and work settings. Anyway when applied in wrong employment settings, clashes could emerge in the administration. Use of hypothesis Y by certain chiefs can cause them free control and being unequipped for settling on ultimate choices as required. Hypothesis Y could bring about the chief being excessively critical on the doings of representatives (Stewart 3). The X hypothesis is relevant in various occupation types particularly in the open help where association structures commit just those in higher authoritative positions to make and direct usage of strategies. Income assortme nt specialists are a genuine case of administrations that follow the X hypothesis. They dread that the residents as well as their representatives may potentially undermine them. They expect that representatives are deceitful and therefore attempt to screen, regulate, and, control their activities. The workers wind up burning through a lot of time composing reports to approve their choices (Barnett web). They along these lines, fail to meet expectations, which stresses the manager’s mindset that they are uncouth. In military and the majority of the police divisions, the bosses provide orders that each one of those under them need to do without scrutinizing their

Long story or memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Long story or journal - Essay Example At the point when she was twelve years of age, Chun along with her family moved to Australia. In contrast to her more established sisters, Chun didn't care for the new condition, and the oddness of the traditions and language made her life significantly progressively hopeless. Having experienced childhood in China, life was very surprising in Australia regarding ways of life, customs, language, and political structure. Similarly as Chun was changing in accordance with the new condition, at age 17, she found a little protuberance in her bosom, and before long, started the battle with disease. In fact, this was a very damaging second for the whole family the greatest number of could hardly imagine how one of them would battle with the destructive malignancy. Not long after five months since the bump began, her mom kicked the bucket at age 37. Both Chun’s family and the general public idea Chun mum’s demise was ascribed by melancholy over her little girl's problem, and sub sequently, Chun started a long battle with low confidence and a profound feeling of misery and blame. Chun accepted that she was the reason for her mother’s passing and accordingly, thought she was a reject to her whole family. In any case, after the posthumous it was understood that her mum experienced both hypertension and diabetes. The news over her daughter’s malignant growth expanded her circulatory strain, and accordingly, caused her passing. During that loss season, Chun’s family couldn't comprehend why God needed to take their mom who happened to be the wellspring of consolation to the whole family. In particular, Chun couldn't comprehend the need or significance of living as she suspected her circumstance was the reason for her mother’s passing. Notwithstanding the numerous difficulties that the family confronted, they were advantaged to have medical caretakers and specialists who presented love and sympathy to them. Chun’s treatment requi red the protracted and continuous emergency clinic stays, and hence she missed the vast majority of her school classes. Frequently, Chun imagined that she had welcomed the infection on herself and she wanted that she had an alternate malady that included less agony and less clinic remains. Her clinical treatment was serious to the point that it included such agitating and agonizing methodology as chemotherapy and medical procedure. The treatment was all the more alarming and startling for a youngster than it could be for a grown-up. During that time of forlornness and dread of lengthier treatment, Chun built up a solid and confiding in close to home relationship with her parental figures and medical caretakers. The specialists strolled with her and affected a solid tribute that she might one be able to day recuperate from the sickness. Such consolations made a solid stage for Chun to extend her understanding that she can show signs of improvement and recoup from malignant growth if just she accepts. In spite of numerous supportive gestures, Chun experienced numerous challenges and agony. Nonetheless, she continued accepting that one day she would recoup and be a motivation to many experiencing the infection. While in the clinic, Chun chose to archive a book by the subject â€Å"It Gets better in the event that you believe† Her principle reason for existing was to arrive at malignant growth patients on the best way to adapt to the malady and remind specialists and medical caretakers on the advantages of value care to patients. Chun proposed to make a strong stage for perusers to comprehend her genuine experience and how she fought with disease. Clearly, Chun accepting each day as a chance to learn and grasp things that one day would be a motivation to other people. She changed her attitude and grasped a positive

The Falling Thing

The Falling Thing As your phone slips from your hand, your world shifts to slow motion. You cant name the intensity, but its so overpowering you can almost taste it as you reach for the plummeting device. Everything is more vivid: the colors are louder, the sounds are brighter, your movement, at least for this split second, mimics the grace of a ballerina. You are completely in the moment, alert, fully aware of the world around you as the gadget nosedives toward its cracked-screen fate. Then, suddenly, its over. You catch the phone at the last possible second, the panic subsides, and your world speeds up again, covering everything with an opaque layer of dullness, thrust into the prison of daily routine. In a meaningful way, you become less awareâ€"less free. But its possible to channel that same level of awareness on demand, isnt it? Instead of dropping the phone, we need only pause and intentionally slow down the world around us. Seeâ€"not just look at, but truly seeâ€"the colors in front of you. Listenâ€"not just hear, but actually listenâ€"to the sounds around you. Feelâ€"not just touch, but verily feelâ€"the ground beneath you. Breatheâ€"not just inhale, but really breatheâ€"the air around you. When we recapture this level of awareness, that is when we experience real freedom. This essay was also published in our side project, Minimalism Life. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The Theme of Death in The Dead Essay - 1151 Words

Although a scene of a funeral home might come to mind when a reader first hears a short story aptly named â€Å"The Dead,† the tale actually takes place in the festive setting of a winter dance at the home of the two aunts of the main character, Gabriel Conroy. James Joyce’s short story â€Å"The Dead† has a literal title, because its main concept is death – both physical death and spiritual death. Gabriel Conroy and his wife, Gretta Conroy, attend a party held by Gabriel’s aunts, Kate Morkan and Julia Morkan. The mood of the party is intentionally festive. It’s an annual event – â€Å"the Misses Morkan’s annual dance† (1227). But parts of the evening turn out to be quite nostalgic. The nostalgia comes from certain guests attending the party who are†¦show more content†¦After Gabriel’s speech, the door is open and the freezing outside air is being let into the room. Because of the cool air, Kate demands th at the door be closed because â€Å"Mrs. Malins will get her death of cold.† (1241). Although surely Mrs. Malins is in danger of catching cold, the phrase â€Å"death of cold† is an intentional exaggeration to bring the reader’s mind back to the concept of death. â€Å"A ghostly light† is also present in the hotel room where the Conroys are staying (1245). The environment in which the characters interact is also saturated with death symbolism. Gabriel sees two works of art in the house. The first piece of art on the wall is a picture of Romeo and Juliet, who are two international symbols for death. The second piece of art on the wall that Gabriel sees is of Edward IV’s two sons, who were killed. The reader at the time that this story was published would have probably understood the story of Edward IV’s two sons, thus again bringing his or her mind back around to the concept of death. There is also a photograph of Gabriel’s deceased mother on display in the house (1232). But images of death are not the only things in the environment to reinforce the theme. Mr. D’Arcy sings the song The Lass of Aughrim, which is about a girl who commits suicide, an obvious story of death (1243). The story also represents spiritual death. The spiritual death is not as prevalent in the story as theShow MoreRelatedThemes in Poetr y: Death761 Words   |  4 PagesThemes in Poetry: Death There are many frequently occurring ideas in poetry. The basic message of a poem is called a theme. All poems have a certain theme that they revolve around, such as love, nature, life, and confusion. In different poems by different poets, the same themes correlate with each other because they all revolve around the same subject matter. Although seen through different angles and viewpoints, the same message is present and intertwined within the poems. One of the mostRead MoreRosencrantz And Guildenstern Are Dead And Hamlet Analysis1294 Words   |  6 Pagesghost, and Hamlet is not sure how to avenge his father’s death or whether he should even attempt to. In Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, the main characters, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, engage in philosophical conversations about the afterlife and free-will vs fate. In Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, Stoppard depicts similar themes as in Shakespeares Hamlet, such as fate vs destiny, what reality is, and both perceive death differently. Also, Stoppard takes scenes of confusion fromRead MoreThe Walking Dead751 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Walking Dead Diamond Fenderson SOC/100 February 13, 2013 Dr. Dennis Duffin The Walking Dead The Walking Dead is a televised American drama series about a group of people trying to survive a zombie apocalypse developed by Frank Darabont. The series stars Andrew Lincoln as sheriffs deputy Rick Grimes, who awakens from a coma after the world yields to a zombie plague (Griffiths, 2011). Dazed and confused from months in the hospital he wanders out to figure out why he cannotRead MoreDeath, The Tell Tale Heart, By The Grimm Brothers846 Words   |  4 Pages Death is a concept in the theme that has a presence in the short stories Godfather Death, The Tell-Tale heart, and The Story of an Hour. Death is always lurking in the shadows. Death is the unavoidable shadow in the character faces death becomes a companion to the namaste. Death is part of the theme in the story Godfather Death. â€Å"Godfather Death† by the Grimm brothers is a story that tries to make sense out of why people have to pass away. Death is unavoidable to every being. The godsonRead MoreUse of Irony in Literature1051 Words   |  4 Pagescommonality between these works of literature, and plays a significant role in elucidating a common theme in which death and pain prevail. Staffords Traveling through the Dark utilizes situation irony to reinforce a theme in which death is given particular prevalence. The authors primary usage of situation irony is in describing a deer that he meets while driving along a road. The deer is already dead, a fact which the poems narrator is aware of when he stops to examine it (Stafford). What is exceedinglyRead MoreDo Not Go Gentle Into The Night954 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many poems representing death affirms individuality and freedom spirit of poets, poems can let many people experience the scream before the death. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into the Night,† by Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Not Waving but Drowning,† by Steve Smith, and â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† by A.E. Housman all built around the sadness theme----Death â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into the Night† was written by Dylan Thomas in the year 1945 when his father was seriously sick. The main theme in this poem is a protest besideRead More Taken from Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoddard775 Words   |  4 PagesGuildenstern Are Dead, as a ploy off of the final lines of the play Hamlet. Stoppard’s play is â€Å"a play within a play† to some extent; he took two of Shakespeare’s flat characters and gave them life. The play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead follows the story of Hamlet’s friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in their journey through the play Hamlet. Tom Stoppard’s play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, displays many themes or messages, three of which being identity, motivation, and death. IdentityRead MoreThe Complexity of Life and Death in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead678 Words   |  3 PagesThe main theme of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead is the complexity of life, death, and the events that lead to it. It also depicts the theory of determinism vs. free will. These are very similar to the themes seen in Hamlet. There is a complementary structure between Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead and Hamlet in the sense that, they are written in different time periods and show different understanding on the subject at hand. In 1602, the time when Hamlet was writtenRead MoreDeath Through The Dark By William Stafford, And The Black Snake778 Words   |  4 Pagesregardless if it is a human or animal. Just with life, death is a special thing. Death is something that is shrouded in mystery that humans explore. Since humans know that they are going to die, they are interested in how others died. They explore their life and the possibility of how they lived, and then their death. In the poem, Traveling through the Dark by William Stafford, and The Black Snake by Mary Oliver, both share a common theme of life and death. In the poem, Traveling Through the Dark, StaffordRead MoreCompare And Contrast Emily Dickinsons Death And Nothing But Death1165 Words   |  5 Pagesafter her death. Death and funerals are two major topics of Emilys poem. Because I Could Not Stop for Death is one of Emily Dickinsons longest and most captivating poem. The artist Pablo Neruda is also a very popular poet for his political activism and his electric poetry. He was first known for his alluring poems such as Today around evening time I Can Write. The poem Nothing But death is an example of Nerudas idyllic vision and style. Both the poems â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† and

As Clearly And Carefully As You Can - 1326 Words

Voluntarists and non-voluntarists have had intense debate on the issue of religion and morality. The underlying central argument of the debate is whether the morality requires a religious foundation or not. While the voluntarists claim that morality does require a religious foundation, non-voluntarists assert that it doesn’t. David Brink and George Mavrodes argues with this theme of voluntarist and non-voluntarist. My essay will largely focus on the strengths and weakness of both voluntarists and non-voluntarists associating with Mavrodes and Brink’s idea on this issue. Voluntarists are the people who insist that it is the will or the attitude of god that determines morality and its qualities, while the non-voluntarists argue that moral†¦show more content†¦What Brink argues is that if the natural properties of a situation determine its moral properties, then its moral properties can’t depend on god’s will. He further states that if voluntarism were true, then two situations could have different moral properties even if there were no natural differences between them, i.e. , if god’s attitudes to the two tokens of the same type were different, one system could be unjust, but an absolute same one of that system don’t have to be unjust. Therefore, the second argument against to the voluntarism is that voluntarism implies a rejection of supervenience of the moral properties of natural ones, which rejecting supervenience is counterintuitive and thus voluntarism has a counterintuitive implication. The third opposition is a substantive claim argument. This argument explains that if the god merely selects whatever he or she wants to be good or right, then when people say â€Å"God is good†, this notion becomes trivial and non-substantive. This argument implies that if voluntarism is true, then praise of god as good or right wouldn’t be meaningful. For example, we can pick our own grades for the work we had done but don’t consider their quality which are independent of our choice of grade. It would genuinely not count as substantive praise if one person says to another â€Å"you got an A. You did very well†. On the contrary, there are also arguments against non-voluntarism. To beginShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Mother Tongue Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesand style, in the sense that how you convey a message is just as important as the content of your statement. Tan’s essay examines the differences in how she communicates with her mother, and how she communicates with everyone else in her immediate environment. I find it interesting that you can find examples of her point right in the story. You can see that Tan focused her essay to be grammatically correct, and descriptive, so that the readers such as ourselves can interpret it. It’s clear that sheRead MoreEssay on Making Homemade Cupcakes804 Words   |  4 Pagesones birthday? Why don’t you make them something special? Take some time out of your day to make some homemade cupcakes. Making cupcakes yourself is cheaper than buying store bought cupcakes and you have the ability to make them anyway you want. The first thing that you will need to do is leave yourself about an hour and a half to spend in the kitchen. Once you have decided to make cupcakes, you need to gather your materials. You will need one box of cake mix that you have bought from the groceryRead MoreFactors to Consider When Choosing a Medium of Communication792 Words   |  4 PagesFACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL The purpose of communication is to get your message across to others clearly and unambiguously. It’s a process that can be fraught with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. To avoid tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity you have to consider factors before selecting a channel of communication. The channel of communication may be defined as any means or way used for transmitting a message from theRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Strategic Leadership1170 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to analysing any leadership framework, you can’t just examine the strengths of the theory and the possible benefits of it. You must also focus on understanding the possible drawbacks of the style. Not only can a balanced view of the advantages and disadvantages of the leadership theory help you realise whether it is the right style for you as a leader or for the organisation, but also to ensure you implement the framework correctly and minimise the risk of the disadvantages. So, whatRead MoreSatire in the Essay A Modest Proposal956 Words   |  4 Pagesimproving your character or teaching you how to learn. That is so passÃÆ' ©, so 1990s. In fact, the notion of college being necessary itself may simply be an expensive myth: Bill Gates and Steve Jobs both dropped out of colleg e, right? Sure, you can go to college to become a lawyer or a doctor and please your parents. But why bother with pesky physics and political science when there is a much more lucrative way to make a living, namely to become a reality TV star. Clearly, the marketplace alone is fitRead More1 Techniques for Answering English Paper1483 Words   |  6 Pagescertain facts are given, they serve as a mere guide. You are required to do at least three major things: 1. Use the right format for your writing 2. Include all the facts given in the question 3. Elaborate or provide your OWN but relevant details) on these given facts.From the total of 30 marks awarded here, 15 are for CONTENT and the other 15 is for LANGUAGE USE.As a student, you can easily get full marks for content provided you follow the ensuing good advice.  CONTENTThere are threeRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking On Children And Adults1267 Words   |  6 Pagessites have now become a part of every individual’s life; people are highly obsessed with them and spend more and more time on them. According to Ali Kingston, â€Å"social networks have removed all the communication and interaction barriers, and now one can communicate his/her perc eption and thoughts over a variety of topics† (Mwila). Due to this, people are able to share their feelings, exchange their thoughts, and even use it for promotional or business purposes. But, on the contrary, Ali also mentionsRead MoreThe Challenges Of Renewal By Lean Homeowners833 Words   |  4 PagesIf you are like many Long Island homeowners planning to remodel your home with high-performance Energy Star labeled replacement windows, you have probably spent some time on review sites and business listings doing your research. Renewal by Andersen management teams use both online and face-to-face feedback to shape the way we do business, and sometimes these conversation help us shape the customer experience. While we applaud and encourage that every would-be-customer to continue to research brandsRead Morewhich clothing brand has BE or BF letter on its logo?830 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered to be in static equilibrium when the vector sum of all the forces acting on the pa rticle equals zero: This is referred to as the First Condition of Equilibrium. A stationary particle corresponds to this situation. In two dimensions, (1) can be expressed as and That is, the sum of all the x-components of the forces and the sum of all the y-components of the forces must both be equal to zero. Apparatus o force table (including four clamp pulleys, centering pin, and ring with stringsRead MoreThe Assessment Of Health Literacy Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesMethods By delving into the present standardized survey instrument, the HCAHPS data sets, it can be clearly assessed whether patients felt that their communication and measures of health literacy were effective during and prior to their hospital stay. This standardized survey instrument of existing data sets, which was formed by a public and private partnership and led by the Federal government, has been actively implemented since 2006 to measure patients’ care (Medicare.gov, 2016). The

Good citizen Free Essays

The Results of Raising a Child as a Good Citizen As parents, we all would like our youths to cultivate to be accountable citizens and moral people. We want them to sense, ponder, and act with admiration for themselves as well as other people. We want them to hound their own happiness, while also being thoughtful of the necessities and the spirits of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Good citizen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just as children are deemed to go to the bathroom, solve basic math concepts, read, write and learn a little about events in history, so must they be channeled in evolving the ssets of citizenship that are cherished by their both their family and community in which they dwell. It is only through support and modeling by considerate grownups, children learn to be truthful and caring, to arise for their moralities, to be concerned about others, to act sensibly and make complete ethical alternatives. The extreme chance on a child being a good citizen in society depends on how well parents mold them. Adolescents who grow up with powerful, optimistic standards are better-off and they are good citizens. They are able to stabilize their individual desires and needs versus those of other people and make positive contributions to society. Once characteristics such as respect, responsibility, and resourcefulness has been instilled into children y parents they will cultivate to be good citizens and will be able to show a form of thoughtfulness and compassion towards others. The moral values demonstrated by parents will be portrayed through the child’s character. The recompense for inspiring our children’s progress is massive. An additional pointer is, f children do not acquire appropriate standards and conduct when they are very young they can encounter a vast amount of problems. These children run into problems that has to deal with education, relationships, personal life, their community, and themselves as a whole. These glitches can burgeon with severe consequences as children grow older†dropping out of school, the use of drugs an alcohol, teenage pregnancy, violence, crime. These children who encounter this typical lifestyle does not enjoy their childhood so in that scenario they make others ife worst. Instead of them showing good citizenship to society, they are being a threat. There are many characteristics that parents express that evolves to children being good citizens. When parents are open to the differences of a child its shows a form of compassion and show that people have different viewpoints. For example, if a child sees the neighbor with a head wrap on and he or she thinks he looks funny, it’s up to the parents to tell the child its apart of that individual culture. Honesty and fairness is also another characteristic. Being honest has to do with being truthful with yourself and others. Fairness is acting in a Just way and making the right decision. When a child is exposed to these traits they will know right from wrong and will never cheat themselves into anything. Last but not least, self-discipline is an essential factor in inspiring a child to be a good citizen. When a child has self- discipline, they know that there is a time and place for everything, the know how to act towards certain things or situations. The basic foundation of a child’s growth is arents It a lot ot interest is snowed towards the sprouting ot children, chances are that they will be molded into good citizens in society with ethical morals. Characteristics such as compassion, fairness, honesty, and self-discipline, revolves around citizenship. The most essential thing we can do for our children is to assist them in obtaining standards and abilities they can depend on for the rest of their lives. In doing so, they will have the greatest probability of leading good lives as a person and a good citizen of their society. How to cite Good citizen, Papers

She Took a Deep Breath and Jumped Into the Cold Water free essay sample

Two worlds are opened, two lives given to it. -Aimee Martin Stupid men are often capable of things the clever would not dare to contemplate -Terry Pratchett, Feet of Clay Failure is another stepping-stone to greatness. Where love rules, there is no will to power, and where power predominates, love is lacking. The one is the shadow of the other. -Carl Jung, On the Psychology of the Unconciousness, 1917 I have not failed. Ive just found 10,000 ways that dont work. -Thomas Alva Edison To love for the sake of being loved is human, But to love for the sake of loving is angelic. -Alphonse Marie Louis de Lamartine When you were born, you cried and the world rejoiced Live your life so that when you die, the world cries and you rejoice. -Cherokee Proverb Any fool can tell the truth; it takes talent to lie well. -Robert Ludlum, The Tristan Betrayal To get the best out of a man go to what is best in him. We will write a custom essay sample on She Took a Deep Breath and Jumped Into the Cold Water or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page -Daniel Considine All animals except man know that the ultimate of life is to enjoy it. -Samuel Butler In music the passions enjoy themselves. -Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Money is always there, but the pockets change. -Gertrude Stein The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be continually fearing you will make one. Children are likely to live up to what you believe of them. -Lady Bird Johnson Failure is natures plan to prepare you for great responsibilities. -Napolean Hill I stopped believing in Santa Claus at age six when my mother took me to see him in a store and he asked for my autograph. -Shirley Temple Black

Cherokee History IA 1 3 12 Essay

Cherokee History IA 1 3 12 Essay Cherokee History IA 1 3 12 Essay Samantha Culp 002837-009 The effects of the American Civil War on the Cherokee Indians 24 January 2012 Word Count: 1,530 002837-009 A. Plan of Investigation: Throughout the events leading up to, and during the course of the American Civil War, thousands of American Indians were killed. The Cherokee Indian tribe fought on both sides of the Union and Confederacy. The point of this historical investigation will be to determine whether the Cherokee Indian tribe was more from the Confederacy or the Union. Two of the sources used in the essay, Union and Confederate Indians in the Civil War, written by Wiley Britton and Native Americans in the Civil War are then evaluated for their origins, purposes, values, and limitations. The importance of this investigation is to determine the long lasting effect upon the Cherokee Indian tribe due to the American Civil War. 002837-009 B. Summary of Evidence: The Cherokee were the largest Indian tribe in the southeast United States in the early 1800s. The United States Government, throughout numerous congressional and court battle, had the vast majority of Cherokees forcibly removed. Less than 1,000 remained in the southeast United States after the relocation efforts culminating in the disastrous Trail of Tears in 1838. (Hodge) There would be countless broken promises, agreements and treaties by the United States Government toward the Cherokee people. Even though the Cherokee had been splintered in their forced relocation, they were committed to remaining a sovereign nation. They endured a 6year civil war in the 1840s between different factions. In 1846, the factions signed a treaty of agreement. The Cherokee Nation would experience a prosperous period in the 1850s until more horrific civil war in 1861 would renew old divisions with horrendous consequences. (Hodge) On the eve of the American Civil War the Cherokee, while being courted by both the North and South, voted to remain neutral. The lifestyle and interest of the Cherokee were most identified with the Confederacy. In fact, some Cherokee owned African slaves and most were sympathetic to the southern cause. During the summer of 1861 Union troops withdrew from the Indian Territory in the west and the Confederate army began occupation (Britton). Geography and southern sympathies made neutrality impossible. In August of 1861 the Cherokee Nation voted to secede from the United States and became an ally of the new Confederacy. In the west, where almost all of the Cherokee had been relocated to, 3,000 Cherokee enlisted in the Confederate army, 1,000 enlisted in the Union army (Native Americans In The Civil War). Cherokees in the east that did not relocate enlisted with the Confederacy; 400 enlisted, almost every able bodied Cherokee. 002837-009 The Cherokee in the east were led by William Holland Thomas and were primarily assigned to harass Union troops. On September 15, 1862 Confederate Cherokee troops were attempting to stop a Union advance when a leader among the Cherokee, Astoogahtogeh, was killed. The remaining Cherokee, avenging his death, scalped Union soldiers. As word spread of this atrocity, the Union soldiers came to their fear of the Cherokee troops. (Britton) Confederate Cherokees in the west fought in numerous battles: Wilson Creek (1861) and the notable Pea Ridge (1862). The Confederates won the battle at Wilson Creek, however, Pea Ridge is much more notable for the same reason as the eastern troops headed by William Holland Thomas. (Cherokee) The Confederate troops at Pea Ridge were defeated; however, Confederate Cherokees scalped as many as 8 Union soldiers after the battle. Cherokee Chief John Ross began to question the Confederacy’s commitment to the Indian Territory in the west. By 1862 he made it known that he did not think the Confederacy was doing all it could to help protect its Cherokee allies (Cherokee Wars). After the Battle of Pea Ridge the Confederacy diverted

The Chemistry of Carbohydrates

The Chemistry of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are the most abundant class of biomolecules. Carbohydrates are used to store energy, though they serve other important functions as well. This is an overview of carbohydrate chemistry, including a look at the types of carbohydrates, their functions, and carbohydrate classification. List of Carbohydrates Elements All carbohydrates contain the same three elements, whether the carbohydrates are simple sugars, starches, or other polymers. These elements are: Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O) Different carbohydrates are formed by the way these elements bond to each other and the number of each type of atom. Usually, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1, which is the same as the ratio in water. What a Carbohydrate Is The word carbohydrate comes from the Greek word sakharon, which means sugar.  In chemistry, carbohydrates are a common class of simple organic compounds. A carbohydrate is an aldehyde or a ketone that has additional hydroxyl groups. The simplest carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, which have the basic structure (C ·H2O)n, where n is three or greater. Two monosaccharides link together to form a  disaccharide. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called sugars and typically have names ending with the suffix -ose. More than two monosaccharides link together to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. In everyday usage, the word carbohydrate refers to any food that contains a high level of sugars or starch. In this context, carbohydrates include table sugar, jelly, bread, cereal, and pasta, even though these foods may contain other organic compounds. For example, cereal and pasta also contain some level of protein. The Functions of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve several biochemical functions: Monosaccharides serve as fuel for cellular metabolism.Monosaccharides are used in several biosynthesis reactions.Monosaccharides may be converted into space-saving polysaccharides, such as glycogen and starch. These molecules provide stored energy for plant and animal cells.Carbohydrates are used to form structural elements, such as chitin in animals and cellulose in plants.Carbohydrates and modified carbohydrates are important for an organisms fertilization, development, blood clotting, and immune system function. Examples of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactoseDisaccharides: sucrose, lactosePolysaccharides: chitin, cellulose Carbohydrate Classification Three characteristics are used to classify monosaccharides: Number of carbon atoms in the moleculeLocation of the carbonyl groupThe chirality of the carbohydrateAldose - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is an aldehydeKetone - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is a ketoneTriose - monosaccharide with 3 carbon atomsTetrose - monosaccharide with 4 carbon atomsPentose - monosaccharide with 5 carbon atomsHexose - monosaccharide with 6 carbon atomsAldohexose - 6-carbon aldehyde (e.g., glucose)Aldopentose - 5-carbon aldehyde (e.g., ribose)Ketohexose - 6-carbon hexose (e.g., fructose) A monosaccharide is D or L, depending on the orientation of the asymmetric carbon located furthest from the carbonyl group. In a D sugar, the hydroxyl group is on the right the molecule when written as a Fischer projection. If the hydroxyl group is on the left of the molecule, it is an L sugar.

How compelling do you find Ball,s argument in this 2011 article Essay

How compelling do you find Ball,s argument in this 2011 article - Essay Example In terms of the catalyst for the educational change, Ball indicates that the primary contributing factor is the new types of education sponsors and providers. In considering the text, one recognizes that while Ball provides a varying amount of supporting information, the article lacks grounded empirical support for many of its contentions. Additionally, there is the recognition that the researcher does not directly involve themselves in the research. Because of these aforementioned elements, there is the potential that Ball’s insights are ideologically motivated. Still, there are also a number supporting elements. Fletcher-Campbell & Brill (2008; Action 1.9) indicated that it is important to consider the changing nature of education in socio-historical contexts. The recent global recession, as well as the emergence of for-profit instructional institutions, have concomitantly presented necessity and motivation for the shifting structures Ball refers to. A further recognition is presented by Edwards, Sebba & Rickinson (2007; Action 1.4) who indicate the importance of a multiplicity of perspectives to expand the range of interpretations. Ball’s insights then operate within these frames of reference. As one considers the particular arguments of the text, it becomes clear that they include a variety of notable points. Ball begins in discussing leadership. One of the important distinctions in this section is his consideration of new leadership frameworks. Ball (2011, p. 50) states, â€Å"there is the rhetoric and sensibilities of business into state schooling and the production of various forms of ‘entrepreneurial headship.’’’ Ball seems to be indicating that the shifting sponsorship and control of schools has resulted in a new form of leadership influenced by entrepreneurial values. One recognizes that the very language Ball implements in this section, namely ‘entrepreneurialism’ of educational environments, is a mode of considering the subject from multi-disciplinary perspectives. This is an approach supported by Mary James (Action 1.5) in encouraging learning across professional communities. On a larger conceptual scale, one considers the linkage between the workplace and the educational environment. A thematic current throughout the article is that Ball is increasingly referring to the hybridization of the work and school environment. There is the recognition that a similar dichotomy is explored in Action 1.6. While Ball’s argument continues to be rooted in the context of the classroom, there is a clear parallel to Action 1.6’s expanded contextual investigation to the workplace. In both instances, there is an increasing exploration of learning as intrinsically linked with working. Even while Ball may be ideologically opposed to the intrusion business on education, it appears that this is an inevitable new direction in education reform. Ball’s own contention that the ownership of these institutions have increasingly refrained from sharing process information, while outwardly a detriment to progress, in actuality it may hold significant potential for educational research. Edwards, Sebba & Rickinson (2007; Action 1.4) indicate that a multitude of stakeholders is actually beneficial for refining ideas. While the lack of proprietary sharing may be a slight drawback, the diversity of stakeholders is

Managerial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Managerial Finance - Essay Example Any effort that could increase profits above the hurdle will be ignored since the manager after meeting such pre-set goals will relax. Again, setting hurdles will also work against the regional executives since different policies affect investments differently according to the given country. Each country has a different inflationary level, lending rate, political stability and other cultures which together or singly affects investments. Setting a uniform hurdle rate is being unfair to countries with unfavourable investment policies. 2 Investing in Lower risk projects will normally be a favourite of the lower division managers since chances of them losing out on the investment is limited. This however, will always come with unfavourably low or unattractive incomes. While this might appear favourable to the managers, it may turn out to be a dislike of the shareholders. Shareholders would want to maximize profits without regards to risks involved, while the managers are more concerned about the risks involved in each venture. Risk is may be defined as the standard difference of return on an investment or portfolio of assets. It is measured using different methods including Value at risk. It helps business men to get prepared for the potentially turbulent market and is quoted in terms of percentage and fixed time horizon (Kwon Joon Chang, 2008). If a 77% one day of value at risk, and the security of 6%. This means that the estimate for the example is that in the next one day, there is 77% chance that the security will not lose more than 6% of its value. The equation may be written as: VaRÃŽ ± = inf{x Ï µ R: P (L > x) ≠¤ 1 – ÃŽ ±} It does not take into account the downside potential in case the portfolio encounters the one percent chance that it exceeds the loss threshold. In other words, once the losses exceed the threshold,

Case Study Samsung Mobile Advertisement Marketing Essay

Case Study Samsung Mobile Advertisement Marketing Essay The following essay will analyse the attached Samsung mobile advertisement, in terms of the type of advertisement, the psychological approach used and the target market to which the advertisement is aimed at. A comparison with other advertisements would also be looked at in order to support the general argument of the essay. Advertising is a pervasive form of communication. Society is bombarded with paid-for messages from the morning they wake up until they go to bed at night. Advertisements appear on television as consumers watch their favourite weekly shows, on billboards as they commute to work, in magazines and newspapers as they read an interesting article, on radio while they listen to the music of their choice and on the internet where they communicate with their friends far and wide, advertisements appear wherever humans are present. It is estimated that the average consumer is exposed to more than a thousand images a day. (Tellis, 2004:3) Thus advertisements impinge on consumers awareness and can greatly affect their thoughts, beliefs, actions, attitudes and decisions, making advertising an extremely powerful tool for communicating to the general public. Many people in society make the assumption that advertising is only done by corporations in order to sell their products to consumers and make quick money off it. These individuals also believe that advertising is an accident of the free market system, an evil force that consumers have to endure for the sake of free speech in our capitalist society. However in reality, advertising is a vitally important force for many reasons. (Tellis, 2004:3) Advertising firstly creates fierce and healthy competition between corporate organisations. In a free capitalist market companies constantly competes with each other, offering potential customers better quality products or services at lower prices than their rivals. Companies make use of a brand image to represent a consistent level of quality at specific prices. Corporate organisations then use advertising to communicate to potential customers what these brand names represent and what the particular prices are and where the consumers can find the products or services. (Tellis, 2004:4) The various forms of advertising enable companies to communicate to the potential consumers promptly and efficiently as needed, thus making advertising an essential tool in the workings of the free capitalist market. (Tellis, 2004:4) Secondly, companies make use of advertising as a primary tool to communicate to customers about new or improved products or services. Since the beginning of the Industrial Age during the 19th century, the quality of consumers lives has greatly improved primarily due to the availability of new or improved products or services. (Tellis, 2004:4) The great vitality of most free capitalist markets rests on the ability of companies to market and sell these new or improved products or services to consumers. In order to do so, corporate organisations need to communicate to potential customers and inform them of the current innovations at hand and to persuade them of the values associated with these innovations. Advertising thus becomes the primary tool corporate organisations use to achieve this task, while at the same time ensuring the vital functioning of markets for new or improved products or services. (Tellis, 2004:4) Advertising thirdly provides major support for media in any free market economy around the world. Several forms of media including broadcast television, satellite television, magazines, newspapers, and most of the internet, reach consumers mainly free or way below cost. The reason for this is that advertisers pay media companies to display their advertisements. The media companies in turn do not have to charge customers the full cost of the chosen media. As such, advertising subsidises the chosen media. Consumers primary form of information and entertainment comes from the media, thus advertising helps improve and maintain the free flow of information and entertainment to society. (Tellis, 2004:4) Fourthly, advertising as an industry in itself is enormous. Total expenditures on all forms of media for the year of 2007 stood at $385 billion worldwide. (Wikipedia, 2010) The advertising industry employed over 300,000 professionals in over 21,000 companies at the turn of the century with growth in employment projected to rise to 32% compared to 15% of other industries. (Tellis, 2004:4) The fifth and final reason for the vitality of advertising to the free capitalist market is that, the public subsidises advertising expenditures. Advertising expenditures in many free market economies are tax deductable. This means that corporate organisations can charge these expenditures as costs of doing business in order to reduce their pre-tax profits. In Layman terms, the general public pays for a small fraction of the cost of advertising that is equal to the advertisers marginal tax rate. (Tellis, 2004:4) Advertising can take the form of various mediums. Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television adverts, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches, human billboards, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes (logo jets), in-flight advertisements on seatback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, doors of bathroom stalls, stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles, the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an identified sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising. (Wikipedia, 2010) The attached Samsung Mobile advertisement is a form of press advertising. Press advertising is form of advertising that utilises newspapers and magazines as a tool for communicating to potential consumers. These encompass either a very broad readership base such as major national or international newspapers and magazines to a more narrowly targeted readership base such as a local newspaper or magazine. (Wikipedia, 2010) The use of a textual based advertisement is a major reason behind the use of press advertising as medium, it makes it essential. The viewer or consumer requires a certain amount of time to read through the advertisement and then to process the given information on the Samsung Mobile advertisement. If Samsung Mobile used a billboard as a medium to advertise the attached advertisement instead of the preferred press advertising medium, the given information of the advertisement would be lost or misinterpreted by the viewer or consumer, as not enough time was spend on the reading of the information in the advertisement. Thus the message or purpose of the advertisement would be ineffective. The use of press advertising as a medium to communicate to potential customers would also render itself more cost effective than the use of television or billboards as a medium. In the corporate environment, advertising would either adopt a rational or emotional psychological approach in order persuade a potential customer in buying the specific product or service, or in certain cases both approaches would be utilised. The attached Samsung Mobile advertisement uses the emotional approach successfully to grab the attention of the viewer or consumer. Emotional advertisements can utilise the three most common components, namely; arguments, emotions and endorsements. Arguments are appeals that persuade the consumer with the use of evidence or force of logic. An emotional approach would persuade the consumer by arousing certain emotions, such as anger or love. Endorsements on the other hand utilises the use of a lay endorser, an expert in the field or a celebrity who vouches for the effectiveness or quality of the product or service either by claim or association. (Tellis, 2004:23) Of the variety appeals that companies can use to advertise, the emotional approach would be regarded as the most effective form of persuasion for a number of reasons. Emotional appeals are firstly more interesting and can more easily cut through the clutter and grab the attention of the consumer than other forms of appeals. Secondly, emotional appeals require less attention by the viewer or consumer. Thirdly, emotional approaches are far more vivid and easily remembered than other appeals. Fourthly, an emotional approach contains far less counterarguments, thus resulting in less resistance from the viewer or consumer. The fifth and final reason why an emotional appeal is more effective than other appeals is that it evokes a more immediate action by the consumer. (Tellis, 2004:23) The attached Samsung Mobile advertisement effectively utilises the emotional psychological approach or appeal with the use of a textual based advertisement. The text used in the advertisement reminds the viewer of reasons why he or she unfortunately cannot join their family and loved ones during the festive season, for reasons such as having to work during the festive season or living far away. The text or information contained in the advertisement are written in a hand-style format in order to create a more personal touch or feel to the advertisement and to engage with the viewer at such a level. Certain words are also circled and underlined to emphasise the importance of these specific words relating to time that could be spent with the viewers family during Christmas. Hand drawn illustrations for example like snowmen, reindeer and turkey dinners are used to enforce the text based information by creating a festive feel and a personal emotional touch of previous festive times. An essential component for effective advertising is the ability to understand the selected target market for the specific product or service. Knowledge or information regarding this matter can be achieved by the company involved utilising a process called market research. The main purpose of market research is to have a clear understanding who your target audience or potential customers are. A target market consists of those individuals or specific groups that have common characteristics or needs which the participating company can satisfy with their products or services. The goal of market research is to develop a profile of the potential consumers with the use of gathering information through a comprehensive study of demographics and psychographics. (Jinnet et al, 2006:19) The term demographics refers to the statistical information gathered regarding sex, age, ethnic background, occupation, education, income, family status and geographical location. Sex is an important element regarding market analysis, as traditional buying patterns are ever changing, for example, not only men go fly-fishing. Age distribution dictates certain trends associated to a specific age group. Ethnic differences would indicate specific product preferences, language differences and population shifts. (Jinnet et al, 2006:20) Population distribution would help the specific company involved to create a better understanding of the size and location of the target market. Trends indicate that people are moving to the cities suburbs at increasing speeds. The family status of a target market has changed in the past decade with two new distinct groups emerging, single people living on their own and unmarried couples living together. Education, occupation and the level of income are othe r demographics to be considered in a target market. Specific educational level points to a change in product or service preferences. (Jinnet et al, 2006:20) Target markets are can also be defined as psychographics. Psychographics refers to the specific lifestyle, personal behaviour, self-concept and buying style. These factors are just as important as demographics as they can indicate why consumers buy and use certain products or services. The lifestyle factor refers to the consumers manner of living and involves personal characteristics, interests or activities. Personal behaviour is attached to the specific values of the consumer, which can be linked to the consumer being sceptic or cautious. The term or factor of self-concept refers to how the consumer views themselves or how they would like to portray themselves towards the public. Self-concept is strongly linked to the demographics of location, family size, income level and occupation. The buying style of the target market is crucial to the success of the advertising campaign of a company. Elements such as how often does the consumer buy the product and/or what the reasons were for buying the specific product or service. Trends show that new products are normally bought by adventurous and open-minded consumers rather than less adventurous individuals. (Jinnet et al, 2006:21) The attached Samsung Mobile advertisement targeted a specific target market that can be associated to young professionals. Young professionals aged between 21-30 years of age, which live mostly on their own and are adventurous enough to leave the comfort zone of living near their family or loved ones. Individuals that are educated, career driven and have a disposable income in order to buy the latest Samsung mobile phone in order to communicate with their family during the festive season. If comparing the attached Samsung Mobile advertisement to other existing mobile advertisements, one can observe the use of either the emotional or rational psychological approaches to sell a similar product. The Sony-Ericsson C905 advertisement utilises both sexual emotions and rational appeal, combined by the fact that the advertisement was the first of its kind to ever use a photograph taken by a mobile phone camera and not a professional stand-alone camera. (See attached Figure 1) Figure Figure The Sony-Ericsson W705 uses a rational approach to advertise the mobile phone main selling ability crystal clear sound. An inner city environment covered in egg containers are used in the advertisement to indicate that the sound produced by the mobile phone is as perfect as a recording studio used for professional artists. (See attached Figure 2)nokiastring.preview.jpgSoundproofCityDowntown.preview.jpgsony-ericsson-c905-mobile-phone-ad-campaign-a-world-first.bmp Figure The Nokia mobile phone advertisement utilises a rational approach to indicate chaos, but with the help of this specific Nokia mobile phone the consumer will never get lost as it has the function of GPS (Global Positioning Service) used instead of a traditional road map, the GPS function on the mobile phone can give the user directions to their final destination, thus making the consumers experience easier and more enjoyable. (See attached Figure 3) In conclusion, the above essay effectively analysed the attached Samsung mobile advertisement, in terms of the type of advertisement, the psychological approach used and the specific target market to which the attached advertisement was aimed at. Varies comparisons was made to other existing mobile phone advertisements and their respective psychological approaches identified.

Key Factors of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay

The Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 is said to be the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war, even now in present times when arms are both more advanced and somewhat dispensable. It was â€Å"the single most dangerous crisis of the cold war era† and centred around Cuba in which the Soviet Union were found by the United States to have secretly installed ballistic missiles. For fourteen days the fate of the world lay in the hands of the two superpower leaders, namely the President of the United States, John Fitzjerald Kennedy, and the leader of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev, while they deliberated whether or not to take military action against one another. Resolution of the crisis came about as a result of both leaders coming to an agreement that said missiles would be dismantled and military action would not be taken. Having said this there was conflict, tension and complication to endure prior to this agreement. It is important to have a background understanding of what brought about the crisis before describing the resolving factors leading up to settlement. Carroll Quighey described how the pattern of a classic diplomatic crisis has 3 stages which are confrontation, recognition and finally settlement and we shall look at the Cuban missile crisis with help from this pattern. As mentioned above, the first stage of a diplomatic crisis pattern is that of confrontation, described by Quighey as â€Å"a dispute- a power struggle in an area of conflict†. In the case of the Cuban missile crisis the power struggle was between the United States and the Soviet Union and the area of conflict was Cuba. At this time, the Premier of Cuba was Fidel Castro. Relations between Cuba and the United States were poor and on April 17th, 1961, John F. Kennedy authorised an attempt to overthrow the Cuban dictator in an event known as the Bay of Pigs invasion. Kennedy’s anti-Castro rebellion failed but made the Cuban dictator wary of another US attempt to invade or attack. It was then that the Soviet Union increased its support for Fidel Castro’s Cuban Regime and secretly installed the ballistic missiles in Cuba. Kennedy was left in the dark about the missiles until Tuesday 16th October. McGeorge Bundy, the President’s National Security Advisor, handed Kennedy photos taken secretly from U-2 planes which conveyed nuclear-armed missiles being set up on the island of Cuba by Soviet soldiers. It was concluded that said missiles were of an offensive nature and that action needed to be taken against this nuclear threat. John Gaddis suggested â€Å"it was the largest amphibious operation the Soviet Union had ever mounted†. When confronted Khrushchev claimed that it was a form of humanitarian aid and his intensions were â€Å"to save Castro’s revolution from another American invasion. Contrary to this is the opinion that the Soviet Union leader saw personal opportunity in the missile instalment as a means of amending the strategic imbalance between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was all part of the arms race and â€Å"the presence of Russian missiles in Cuba had drastically altered the balance of world powerâ€Å" . Having said this, Khrushchev did not want to start a war and allegedly stated of the Americans â€Å"Every idiot can start a war but it is impossible to win this war†¦therefore the missiles have one purpose- to scare themâ€Å". Whether motive for Cuban protection or self gain, the tension between the Americans and the Soviet Union worsened and Kennedy recognised that something would have to be done. This takes us into the next stage as described by Quighey- recognition. Kennedy was well aware that action needed to be taken to resolve the growing conflict between the two superpowers but was unsure as to whether to take the diplomatic or military route of resolution. John Gaddis claims that â€Å"early critics went as far as to say that he (Kennedy) would have risked a nuclear war rather than trade even worthless missiles in Turkey† yet as will be revealed they could not have been more wrong. Choosing to declare nuclear war against the Soviets would have brought global devastation. The American Political Science Review stated that â€Å"had the worst occurred, the death of 100 million Americans, over 100 million Russians, and millions of Europeans (as well) would make previous natural calamities and inhumanities appear insignificant†Alternatively Kennedy could choose not to act and allow the Soviets to continue their collection of nuclear weapons yet this would mean that there would always be concern and uncertainty that the Soviet Union would attack at a later date. There was also concern that should he not confront the Soviets and allow multiplication of arms in Cuba to continue there would be a backlash from the many countries of the Western Hemisphere whose safety would be in jeopardy. How the resolution of the crisis would come about was in the hands of the superpower leaders and Khrushchev was for a few days unaware both that the United States government knew the extent of weaponry which was kept in Cuba and that they had photographic evidence. Allegedly Georgi Bolshakov whom was relied upon by both leaders for highly sensitive communications â€Å"even lied to the President face to face on the 18th October (about the missiles) by which time John F. Kennedy knew what was happeningâ€Å". The fact that Khrushchev was unaware of how clued up Kennedy actually was gave the President the advantage of time to weigh up his options. In an attempt to come to a decision as to how all could be resolved, Kennedy called for a meeting with 14 of his most trusted associates and during their discussion they circled different strategies. This group was known as the â€Å"Ex Comm†. At this point his focus was on military options and how to mute the crisis for a period of time until they had made a plan. Khrushchev remaining in the dark gave them an advantage. The first was to do nothing and to ignore the missiles in Cuba but this was ruled out as Kennedy’s concern for a Soviet surprise attack at a later date was great. The second option was negotiation. The United States would remove their nuclear missiles from Italy and Turkey in return for the Soviet Union dismantling those missiles in Cuba. The third option was to invade Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro and in doing so ensure the Soviet Union could no longer use Cuba as a military base. This plan was too much a reminder of the Bay of Pigs invasion failure however and was also ruled out. In addition they discussed the option of a naval blockade whereby the United States would prevent Russian delivery of military equipment from reaching Cuba by using naval forces. Finally considered was the bombing of missile bases via an air strike as well as simply using nuclear weapons against Cuba and/or the Soviet Union yet each of these were unappealing and seemed more likely to result in failure than not. Gaddis describes how although the general consensus was in favour of an attack rather than a more diplomatic resolution, Kennedy could not be swayed. He secretly recorded his meetings and the tapes show him repeatedly pushing for a compromise by saying â€Å"we can’t very well invade Cuba when we could have gotten (the Soviet missiles) ut by making a deal on the same missiles in Turkey†. Further clarifying his unwillingness to invade was a statement he made following his public statement about the Soviet missiles in Cuba where he was quoted as saying â€Å"though a lot of people want to invade Cuba. I would be opposed to it today. † A naval blockade was eventually decided upon. Kennedy organised a line of US navy ships 500 miles off the Cuban coast- this line was labelled a â€Å"quarantine line†. The purpose of the quarantine line was to inhibit the delivery of nuclear arms from the USSR to the island. Once the decision had been made a speech was prepared by Theadore Sorensen, an associate of Kennedy, explaining to the world the reasons for why it was necessary for the quarantine line to be in place. Even although the majority of Americans were pleased with this decision, in many cities elsewhere Kennedy’s choice of action was unpopular. This resulted in demonstrations and protest about the possibility of nuclear war. Having said this, the U. S. S. R seemed to accept the blockade without lashing out. The first break in the tension-filled impasse came†¦when a dozen of the twenty five Russian ships en route to Cuba either altered or reversed their course Khrushchev and Kennedy contacted each other through letters. As mentioned previously Khrushchev did not want to enter a nuclear war and merely warned Kennedy against it as well. He wrote to Kennedy personally saying â€Å"be careful, as we both tug at the ends of the rope in which we have tied the knot of war† conveying that war was not what he had intended . On October 26th, after the naval blockade was put in place, Khrushchev wrote to Kennedy. In his letter he requested that the naval blockade be lifted and for Kennedy’s word that the United States would not invade Cuba. In return, the Soviet Union would dismantle and remove the missiles as well as stop shipments of weapons to Cuba. Carol Quighey described his letter as â€Å"long and confused† and stated that â€Å"its tone clearly showed his personal panic† . Merely a day later Khrushchev sent another letter demanding that the United States remove their nuclear bases in Turkey. Prior to replying to either, Kennedy consulted his brother, Attorney General Bobby Kennedy. Bobby is credited for â€Å"showing political astuteness needed to resolve the ever more complex situation† by Robin Cross. Bobby suggested that Kennedy reply only to the first letter and disregard the second. Thus therefore, Kennedy wrote to Khrushchev agreeing not to invade Cuba and to lift the naval blockade if the missile bases from Cuba were removed. On Saturday 27th October the Soviet Foreign Officer published a very different text that suggested a deal had been made not only to take down the missile bases in Cuba but also those in Turkey. Kennedy had replied only to the first letter and ignored the second request involving Turkey. Despite the fact that said Turkey bases were to be dismantled regardless of Soviet interest, the White House rejected this publication and stated that they would remove the naval blockade in exchange for removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba and promise not to invade Cuba. On the following Sunday, Khrushchev announced his acceptance. Work on missile sites was stopped and dismantled under careful observation of the UN. To conclude, ultimately Kennedy prevailed and resolved the deathly fear of a nuclear war from within Cuba. Walter Trohan wrote about the Cuban missile crisis in the New York Tribute in November 1962 that â€Å"for the first time in twenty years the Americans can carry their head high because the President of the United States has stood up to the Premier of Russia and made him back down†.

Summary of Drinking, a Love Story - 2443 Words

Part I: A. Introduction: Drinking, A Love Story, Written by Caroline Knapp: Is an insider’s story about fighting the battle of alcoholism and addiction, victoriously winning sobriety. Caroline Knapp fought her addiction for 20 years before becoming sober. â€Å"The Drink† as she called it, was her true love. The most beloved form being a good crisp dry white wine, but any form would do. She fell in love with alcohol at a young age and loved everything about it. The smell, the sound of a cork being pulled from a bottle, the cold liquid anesthesia running down the back of her throat after a long day at the office, the routine of drinking, but most of all she loved the way alcohol made her feel. Alcohol was the one thing for a very long time†¦show more content†¦She said these things to really more or less convince herself that they were true when panic started to take over. Her love affairs with multiple men, the articles she wrote for The Boston Herald, the ever mounting empty bottles of cognac told a different story. When she wasn’t focused on drinking, her addiction turned to self-loathing in a different form of control. Anorexia. At her lowest weight of 80 pounds, she had gone through months of using food and exercise as forms of self-control, much like the way she used alcohol in the most destructive way, she was trying to cure, medicate or eliminate the feelings of self-hatred, shyness and anxiety that loomed over her like a dark cloud. The patterns of dysfunctional relationships, drinking to get drunk, drunk driving, and black outs continued for Caroline until her parents died. First her father, a tragic death from a brain tumor, which at first led her to boozing to cope with the feelings, then a year later her mother died of lung cancer. After these devastating events took place, it was a phone call from her twin sister Becka, and knowing that therapy alone or coupled with AA weren’t enough to break her physical and emotional addiction with alcohol, thatShow MoreRelatedLooking for Alaska Book Review1001 Words   |  5 PagesLooking For Alaska by John Green. This book is divided into two sections, Before and After. Summary Before. â€Å"Francois Rabelais. He was a poet. And his last words were ‘’I go to seek a Great Perhaps.’’ That’s why I’m going. So I don’t have to wait until I die to start seeking a Great Perhaps.† Sixteen-year-old Miles (Pudge) Halter’s life has been devastatingly dull. He has no friends, no girls and no adventures, except for an obsession over the last words of dead famous people. AndRead MoreThe Life and Times of a Philosopher of Flappers Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesThe Roaring Twenties was a time renowned for partying, drinking, and a time without war. F. 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The rights to British citizenship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1993 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Question A I am asked to advise a number of parties in relation to their right to British citizenship. From the statement of facts, it is clear that all the parties are related by way of family to a British father, Andrew. In relation to his wife Barbara, a Canadian national, the most appropriate course of seeking British citizenship would be to seek naturalisation as a British citizen in accordance with section 6 and schedule 1 of the British Nationality Act 1981. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The rights to British citizenship" essay for you Create order Under these legislative provisions, there are a number of requirements that one must meet in order to be naturalised as a British citizen. Additionally, these requirements are different for Barbara’s circumstances, as she is seeking naturalisation as the wife of a British citizen. These include: Being of good character; A sufficient knowledge of English; A knowledge of life in the United Kingdom; Being the husband/wife/civil partner of a British citizen at the time the application was lodged; A requirement of UK residency for three years preceding the date of the application (and not being outside the UK for 90 days during this period).[1] Upon analysis of these stringent legislative requirements, it is clear that Barbara could not be afforded naturalisation as a British citizen, as Barbara does not satisfy the three-year residency requirement. Additionally, Barbara does not meet the Crown service requirements which would allow for an exemption from the residency requirement rule.[2] Therefore, in order to be naturalised as a British citizen in this regard, one must already be living legally in the United Kingdom under some form of existing entry clearance, and then seek to become naturalised as a British citizen while still in the UK. There is no scope under section 6 of the British Nationality Act 1981 to seek exemption from this rule, and reliance upon earlier legislation, due to the marriage occurring prior to commencement of the 1981 Act. In regards to Catherine, Andrew’s daughter born in the UK in 1978, reliance must fall upon the Immigration Act 1971, given that Catherine’s birth pre-dates the commencement of the British Nationality Act 1981.[3] As such, it is important to consider the relevant provisions from the 1971 Act that concern Catherine’s circumstances. The 1971 Act mainly refers to the ‘right of abode’, and specifies that: All those who are in this Act expressed to have the right of abode in the United Kingdom shall be free to live in, and to come and go into and from, the United Kingdom without let or hindrance except such as may be required under and in accordance with this Act to enable their right to be established or as may be otherwise lawfully imposed on any person.[4] Additionally, the 1971 Act also specifies the substantive requirements to be granted the right of abode, and says: A person is under this Act to have the right of abode in the Isle of Man if- (a) he is a British citizen†¦[5] While this may seem to be an initially problematic and contradictory set of provisions, it is important to note that, prior to the commencement of the British Nationality Act 1981 in 1983, birth within the UK was sufficient in itself to grant UK citizenship onto a person. It was not until the 1981 Act was introduced that the rules relating to British citizenship became more challenging and restrictive. Therefore, due to the absence of any legislative provisions to the contrary, it can be concluded that Catherine can be registered as a British citizen, due to her being born in the UK prior to the commencement of more restrictive legislation in the early 1980s. In regards to Andrew’s second daughter, Deborah, who was born outside the UK in 1983, one must turn to the provisions of the British Nationality Act 1981. Given that Deborah is no longer a minor, and must now make an application for British citizenship of her own accord, she is unable to rely on the provisions relating to children born outside the UK.[6] As such, she must rely on the provisions relating to acquiring British citizenship by des cent, which are outlined in section 2 of the 1981 Act. The relevant legislation reads: A person born outside the United Kingdom and the qualifying territories after commencement shall be a British citizen if at the time of the birth his father or mother— (a) is a British citizen otherwise than by descent†¦[7] Given that it has been established that Andrew is a British citizen otherwise than by descent (i.e. he was born in the UK), it is clear that Deborah will be granted UK citizenship upon application. Question B There are processes that exist which allow a person, who has legally been in the United Kingdom for long enough, to apply to become a British citizen. The processes available differ depending on one’s circumstances. It would appear that, based upon Rizwan’s circumstances, the most appropriate method of applying to become a British citizen would be to seek naturalisation. This process is governed by the British Nationality Act 1981. Under these legislative provisions, there are a number of requirements that one must meet in order to be naturalised as a British citizen. These requirements are significantly different to those required of someone who is seeking naturalisation as a husband/wife/civil partner of a British citizen. These include: Being of good character; A sufficient knowledge of English; A knowledge of life in the United Kingdom; An intention to maintain their home in the United Kingdom; A requirement of UK residency for five years preceding the date of the application.[8] Obviously the first hurdle for Rizwan to overcome would be to meet these requirements. In terms of the residency requirement, it would appear that Rizwan meets this criterion, as the facts indicate he has already been in the UK for five years on a work permit. This is perhaps the most stringent criteria to overcome in the immigration process, and it appears that Rizwan passes it quite considerably. The remaining requirements seem to be more of a subjective determination to be made by an immigration official, such as being of sound mind and character. Perhaps the other most daunting task for Rizwan to overcome in order to seek British naturalisation would be to show that he has sufficient knowledge of life in the UK so as to live freely here. This knowledge is tested by way of a written test, which is presented in English. Generally, applicants must demonstrate that they are proficient at speaking and writing English at a certain standard before they will be permitted to sit the test, either by presentation of a certificate attesting to ESOL Level 3, or by undertaking a course to attain same.[9] The test consists of 24 questions which are drawn from information presented in the publication â€Å"Life in the UK: A Journey to Citizenship†, available from the Stationary Office.[10] Thus, Rizwan would need to be proficient in the information contained in this publication before sitting the test, in order to maximise his chances of passing the test first time. Additionally, Rizwan would be responsible for paying the  £34 fee for the test.[11] Upon successful completion of the test, Rizwan will receive a pass notification letter which he can then attach to his application for British naturalisation on form AN, as proof that he has passed the knowledge of UK life test. The test should be completed before a formal application is submitted. In summary, the procedures for Rizwan applying to become naturalised as a British citizen are relatively straightfo rward. It is assumed that, as Rizwan has five years of working experience, he will have some understanding of the English language. Additionally, he may also have some practical knowledge of life in the UK, which will help come time to undertake the UK life knowledge test. There is every likelihood that Rizwan’s application will be approved, provided he adheres to the strict procedures of applying to do so. Question C A question has been raised as to whether British immigration law takes sufficient account of a British resident’s wishes to maintain their family life in the UK. In order to make such an assessment, it is fundamentally important to consider the relevant legislative provisions relating to the issue. Firstly, it is important to note that, in order to become naturalised as a British citizen where one has no marital link to the UK, one must prove that there is sufficient intention to maintain their home in the United Kingdom.[12] This represents not so much a wish but a requirement. However, if one was to attempt to naturalise as a British citizen, with a marital link to the UK (e.g. husband or wife), the standards are a little more relaxed. There is no specification for a requirement that says one must maintain their home in the UK after naturalisation,[13] thus indicating a gap in the law in regards to this. Essentially, it appears that the law is significantly more restrictive on those who are seeking naturalisation who come from overseas, without a UK link, rather than those that have effectively married into the UK. While people in either circumstances may already have entry clearance and, possibly, indefinite leave to remain in the UK, the law does take into account an foreign British resident’s wishes to maintain family life in the UK, whereas it does not for those that have (effectively) already started a family with a UK spouse. The above mentioned scenarios highlight key comparative examples of particular times where the UK immigration law can conflict in relation to taking into account one’s wishes to maintain a family life in the UK. It is also important to consider relevant provisions of the Immigration Rules in order to make a more substantive determination. Perhaps one of the most key provisions in the Immigration Rules on this issue is in relation to spouses who intend to enter and remain in the UK with their partner. Under Rule 281(iii), there is a requirement that the two persons who seek to have the spousal status approved for entry will permanently live together following the approval of such a status. It also prescribes for the marriage to be â€Å"subsisting†,[14] in other words that it continues to flourish and work. This promotes the idea that the two people will maintain a family life in the UK. In summary, while the immigration law can be conflicting in some circumstances, it is clear that it does take sufficient account of a person’s wishes to main tain family life in the UK upon being granted leave to remain. The law in fact requires, in many circumstances, that people do so in order to be continually granted leave to remain in the UK, or even granted entry at all in some instances. It would be difficult to contend that the law does not provide for maintenance of family life based on the few examples (of many) that exist in UK immigration law. Bibliography Books Clayton, G, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (2004), London: Oxford University Press Jackson, D.C., and Warr, G (eds), Immigration Law and Practice (2001), London: Sweet and Maxwell Karatani, R, Defining British Citizenship: Empire, Commonwealth and Modern Britain (2003), London: Frank Cass MacDonald, I.A., and Webber, F (eds), Immigration Law and Practice in the United Kingdom (2005, 6th ed), London: LexisNexis Butterworths Legislation British Nationality Act 1981 Immigration Act 1971 Other Sources Border and Immigration Service, ‘Knowledge of Life in the UK’ (2007) lt;https://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/applying/nationality/knowledgeoflifeintheukgt; at 18 April 2007 1 Footnotes [1] British Nationality Act 1981, sch 1 paras 3-4. [2] British Nationality Act 1981, sch 1 paras 3-4. [3] British Nationality Act 1981, s 1. [4] Immigration Act 1971, s 1(1). [5] Immigration Act 1971, s 2(1). [6] British Nationality Act 1981, s 3. [7] British Nationality Act 1981, s 2(1). [8] British Nationality Act 1981, sch 1 paras 5-6. [9] Border and Immigration Service, ‘Knowledge of Life in the UK’ (2007) lt;https://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/applying/nationality/knowledgeoflifeintheukgt; at 18 April 2007. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] British Nationality Act 1981, sch 1 para 5. [13] British Nationality Act 1981, sch 1 para 3. [14] Immigration Rules, rule 281(iii).